单选题：请回答题.Beauty and Body Image in the Media[A] Images of female

请回答题.
Beauty and Body Image in the Media
[A] Images of female bodies are everywhere.Women--and their body parts--sell everything from food tocars.Popular film and television actresses are becoming younger, taller and thinner.Some have even beenknown to faint on the set from lack of food.Women's magazines are full of articles urging that if they canjust lose those last twenty pounds, they'll have it all--the perfect marriage, loving children, great sex,and a rewarding career.
[B] Why are standards of beauty being imposed on women, the majority of whom are naturally larger andmore mature than any of the models? The roots, some analysts say, are economic.By presenting anideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of growthand profits.And it's no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essentialcriterion of beauty.If not all women need to lose weight, for sure they're all aging, says the QuebecAction Network for Women's Health in its 2001 report, And, according to the industry, age is a disasterthat needs to be dealt with.
[C] The stakes are huge.On the one hand, women who are insecure about their bodies are more likely to buybeauty products, new clothes, and diet aids.It is estimated that the diet industry alone is worth anywherebetween 40 to 100 billion (U.S.) a year selling temporary weight loss (90% to 95% of dieters regain thelost weight).On the other hand, research indicates that exposure to images of thin, young, air-brushedfemale bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habitsin women and girls.
[D] The American research group Anorexia Nervosa & Related Eating Disorders, Inc.says that one out ofevery four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of weight control--including fasting, skippingmeals, excessive exercise, laxative (泻药) abuse, and self-induced vomiting.The pressure to be thin isalso affecting young girls: the Canadian Women's Health Network warns that weight control measuresare now being taken by girls as young as 5 and 6.American statistics are similar.Several studies, suchas one conducted by Marika Tiggemann and Levina Clark in 2006 titled "Appearance Culture in 9-to12-Year-Old Girls: Media and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction", indicate that nearly half of allpreadolescent girls wish to be thinner, and as a result have engaged in a diet or are aware of the conceptof dieting.In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35 percent of girls 6 to 12 years old have been on atleast one diet, and that 50 to 70 percent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight.Overallresearch indicates that 90% of women are dissatisfied with their appearance in some way.Media activistJean Kilbourne concludes that, "Women are sold to the diet industry by the magazines we read and thetelevision programs we watch, almost all of which make us feel anxious about our weight."
[E] Perhaps the most disturbing is the fact that media images of female beauty are unattainable for all but avery small number of women.Researchers generating a computer model of a woman with Barbie-dotlproportions, for example, found that her back would be too weak to support the weight of her upper body,and her body would be too narrow to contain more than half a liver and a few centimeters of bowel.A real woman built that way would suffer from chronic diarrhea (慢性腹泻)and eventually die frommalnutrition.Jill Barad, President of Mattel (which manufactures Barbie), estimated that 99% of girls
aged 3 to 10 years old own at least one Barbie doll.Still, the number of real life women and girls who seeka similarly underweight body is epidemic, and they can suffer equally devastating health consequences.In2006 it was estimated that up to 450,000 Canadian women were affected by an eating disorder.
[F] Researchers report that women's magazines have ten and one-half times more ads and articles promotingweight loss than men's magazines do, and over three-quarters of the covers of women's magazinesinclude at least one message about how to change a woman's bodily appearance--by diet, exercise orcosmetic surgery.Television and movies reinforce the importance of a thin body as a measure of a woman'sworth.Canadian researcher Gregory Fouts reports that over three-quarters of the female characters in TVsituation comedies are underweight, and only one in twenty are above average in size.Heavier actressestend to receive negative comments from male characters about their bodies ("How about wearing a sack?"),and 80 percent of these negative comments are followed by canned audience laughter.
[G] There have been efforts in the magazine industry to buck (抵制，反抗) the trend.For several years theQuebec magazine Coup de Pouce has consistently included full-sized women in their fashion pagesand Chatelaine has pledged not to touch up photos and not to include models less than 25 years of age.In Madrid.one of the world's biggest fashion capitals, ultra-thin models were banned from the rtmwayin 2006.Furthermore Spain has recently undergone a project with the aim to standardize clothing sizesthrough using a unique process in which a laser beam is used to measure real life women's bodies inorder to find the most true to life measurement.
[H] Another issue is the representation of ethnically diverse women in the media.A 2008 study conducted byJuanita Covert and Travis Dixon titled "A Changing View: Representation and Effects of the Portrayal ofWomen of Color in Mainstream Women's Magazines" found that although there was an increase in therepresentation of women of colour, overall white women were overrepresented m mainstream women'smagazines from 1999 to 2004.
[I] The barrage (密集的炮火攻击) of messages about thinness, dieting and beauty tells "ordinary" womenthat they are always in need of adjustment--and that the female body is an object to be perfected.JeanKilboume argues that the overwhelming presence of media images of painfully thin women means thatreal women's bodies have become invisible in the mass media.The real tragedy, Kilbourne concludes, isthat many women internalize these stereotypes, and judge themselves by the beauty industry's standards.Women learn to compare themselves to other women, and to compete with them for male attention.Thisfocus on beauty and desirability "effectively destroys any awareness and action that might help to changethat climate."
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A study showed that from the end of last century to 2004, by and large white women wereoverrepresented in mainstream women's magazines.