题目内容：
Questionsarebasedonthefollowingpassage. In1985whenaJapanAirLines（JAL）jetcrashed,itspresident,YasumotoTakagi,calledeachvictim’sfamilytoapologize,andthenpromptlyresigned.Andin1987,whenasubsidiaryofToshibasolesensitivemilitarytechnologytotheformerSovietUnion,thechairmanofToshibagaveuphispost.
Theseexecutiveactions,whichToshibacalls“thehighestformofapology,”mayseembizarretoUSmanagers.NooneatBoeingresignedaftertheJALcrash,whichmayhavebeencausedbyafaultyBoeingrepair.
Thedifferencebetweenthetwobusinessculturescentersarounddifferentdefinitionsofdelegation.
WhileUSexecutivesgivebothresponsibilityandauthoritytotheiremployees,Japaneseexecutivesdelegateonlyauthority—theresponsibilityisstilltheirs.AlthoughthesubsidiarythatsoldthesensitivetechnologytotheSovietshaditsownmanagement,theToshibatopexecutivessaidthey“musttakepersonalresponsibilityfornotcreatinganatmospherethroughouttheToshibagroupthatwouldmakesuchactivityunthinkable,eveninanindependentlyrunsubsidiary.”
SuchacceptanceofcommunityresponsibilityisnotuniquetobusinessesinJapan.SchoolprincipalsinJapanhaveresignedwhentheirstudentscommittedmajorcrimesafterschoolhours.
Eveniftheydonotquit,Japaneseexecutiveswilloftenacceptprimaryresponsibilityinotherways,suchastakingthefirstpaycutwhenacompanygetsintofinancialtrouble.Suchpersonalsacrifices,eveniftheyarelargelysymbolic,helptocreatethesenseofcommunityandemployeeloyaltythatiscrucialtotheJapanesewayofdoingbusiness.
HarvardBusinessSchoolprofessor
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