题目内容：
根据下面资料，回答题 Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations, (31) __ to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect edu- cational achievement.
The survey of 643 children and adults, ranking frompre-school to 40-plus, also suggests (32)_ pen- holding techniques have deteriorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far (33)_atten- tion to correct pen grip and handwriting style.
Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher (34)_ findings have been published, was inspired to in- vestigate this area (35)_ he noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling (36)had a poor pen grip. While Mr.Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link (37)_pen-holding style and accuracy in spelling, he (38)_ find huge differences in technique between the young children and the mature adults, and a definite (39)_between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing.
People who (40) __ their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics (41) __ inhibit learning, (42)__ as poor posture, leaning too (43) to the desk, using four fingers to grip the pen (44) __ than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb ( which can obscure (45).__ is being written).
Mr. Thomas believes that the (46)_ between elder and younger writers is (47)___ too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow (48)___. He attrib- utes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointingout that the differences between (49)_ groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. "The 30-year- old showed a huge diversity of grips, (50) the over 40s group all had a uniform ‘tripod' grip.
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第（31）题
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