题目内容：
根据以下材料，回答题Inthe16thand17thcenturies,twopersonshelpedlaythefoundationofmoderneducation.Comenius,aCzechhumanist,greatlyinfluencedbotheducationalandpsycho-educationalthought.Hewrotetextsthatwerebasedonadevelopmentaltheoryandinthemintroducedtheuseofvisualaidsininstruction.Mediaandinstructionalresearch,avitalpartof
contemporaryeducationalpsy-chology,hasitsoriginsinthewritingandtextbookdesignofComenius.61)Herecommendedthatinstructionstart'withthegeneralandthenmovetotheparticularandthatnothinginbooksbeac-ceptedunlesscheckedbyademonstrationtothesenses.Hetaughtthatunderstanding,notmemory,isthegoalofinstruction;thatwelearnbestthatwhichwehaveanopportunitytoteach;and
that parentshavearoletoplayintheschoolingoftheirchildren.
Thecontributionsofoneofourmanyancestorsoftenareoverlooked,yetJuanLuisVireswroteverymuchasacontemporaryeducationalpsychologistmightinthefirstpartofthe16thcentu-ry.62)Hestatedtoteachersandotherswitheducationalresponsibilities,suchasthoseingovern-mentandcommerce,thatthereshouldbeanorderlypresentationofthefactstobelearned,andinthiswayheanticipatedHerbartandthe19th-centurypsychologists.Henotedthatwhatistobelearnedmustbepracticed,andinthiswayheanticipatedThorndike'sLawofExercise.Hewroteonpracticalknowledgeandtheneedtoengage
studentinterest,anticipatingDewey.63)Hewrotea-boutindividualdifferencesandabouttheneedtoadjustinstructionforallstudents,andanticipatedtheworkofeducationalandschoolpsychologistsintheareaofspecialeducation.Hediscussed
theschools'sroleinmoralgrowth,anticipatingtheworkofDewey,Piaget,Kohlberg,andGilligan.Hewroteaboutlearningbeingdependentonself-activity,aprecursortocontemporaryresearchonmeta-cognition,wherethewaysinwhichtheselfmonitorsitsownactivtiesarestudied.Finally,64)Vivesanticipatedboththecontemporarymotivationaltheoristswhoavoidsocialcomparisonsandthose
researcherswhofindtheharmfulelementsofnorm-referencedtestingtooutweightheiradvantages,bywritingabouttheneedforstudentstobeevaluatedonthebasisoftheirownpastaccomplishmentsandnotincomparisonwithotherstudents.
65)Thus,longbeforeweclaimedourprofessionalidentity,therewereindividualsthinkingintelligentlyaboutwhatwewouldeventuallycalleducationalpsychology,preparingthewayforthe
scientificstudyofeducation.
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