题目内容：
ICry,ThereforeIAm
A)In2008,ataGermanzoo,agorilla(大猩猩)namedGanagavebirthtoamaleinfant,whodiedafterthreemonths．PhotographsofGana,lookingstrickenandinconsolable(伤心欲绝的),attractedcrowdstothezoo．Sadasthescenewas,thehumans,notGana,weretheonlyonescrying．Thenotionthatanimalscanweephasnoscientificbasis．YearsofobservationsbybiologistsDianFossey,whoobservedgorillas,andJaneGoodall,whoworkedwithchimpanzees(黑猩猩),couldnotprovethatanimalscrytearsfromemotion．
B)It'struethatmanyanimalsshedtears,especiallyinresponsetopain．Tearsprotecttheeyebykeepingitmoist．Butcryingasanexpressionoffeelingistmiquetohumansandhasplayedanessentialroleinhumanevolutionandthedevelopmentofhumancultures．
C)Withintwodaysaninfantcanimitatesadandhappyfaces．Ifaninfantdoesnotcryout,itisunlikelytogettheattentionitneedstosurvive．Around34months,therelationshipbetweenthehumaninfantanditsenvironmenttakesonamoreorganizedcommtmicativerole,andtearfulcryingbeginstoserveinterpersonalpurposes:thesearchforcomfortandpacification(抚慰)．Aswegetolder,cryingbecomesatoolofsocialinteraction:griefandjoy,shameandpride,fearand
manipulation．
D)Tearsareasuniversalaslaughter,andgriefismorecomplexthanjoy．Butalthoughweallcry,wedosoindifferentways．Womencrymorefrequentlyandintenselythanmen,especiallywhenexposedtoemotionalevents．Likecrying,depressionis,aroundtheworld,morecommonlyseeninwomenthaninmen．Oneexplanationmightbethatwomen,whodespitedecadesofsocialadvancesstillsufferfromeconomicinequality,discrimination(歧视)andevenviolence,mighthavemoretocryabout．Mennotonlycryforshorterperiodsthanwomen,buttheyalsoarelessinclinedtoexplaintheirtears,usuallyshedthemmorequietly,andtendmorefrequentlytoapologizewhentheycryopenly．Men,likewomen,reportcryingatthedeathofalovedoneandinresponsetoamovingreligionsexperience．Theyaremorelikelythanwomentocrywhentheircoreidentities--asprovidersandprotectors,asfathersandfighters--arequestioned．
E)Peoplewhoscoreonpersonalitytestsasmoresympatheticcrymorethanthosewhoaremorerigidorhavemoreself-control．Frequencyofcryingvarieswidely:someshedtearsatanynovelormovie,othersonlyahandfuloftimesintheirlives．Cryinginresponsetostressandconflictinthehome,orafteremotionaltrauma(创伤),lastsmuchlongerthantearsinducedbyeverydaysadness--whichinturnlastlongerthantearsofdelightandjoy．
F)Sadnessisourprimaryassociationwithcrying,butthefactisthatpeoplereportfeelinghappieraftercrying．Surveysestimatethat85%ofwomenand73%ofmenreportfeelingbetteraftersheddingtears．Surprisingly,cryingismorecommonlyassociatedwithminorformsofdepressionthanwithmajordepressioninvolvingsuicidalthoughts．
G)Peoplewidelyreportthatcryingrelievestension,restoresemotionalbalanceandprovides"catharsis,"awashingoutofbadfeelings．Theterm"catharsis"hasreligiousimplicationsofremovingevilandsin;it'snosurprisethatreligiousceremoniesare,aroundtheworld,oneofthemainsettingsforthereleaseoftears．
H)Cryingisanearlyuniversalsignofgrief,thoughsomemournersreportthat,despitegenuinesorrow,theycannotshedtears--sometimesevenforyearsaftertheirlovedonehasgone．Unliketoday,whentheprivacyofgriefismorerespected,thepublicorceremonialsheddingoftears,atthegravesideofaspouseorthefuneralofakingorqueen,wasonceconsideredsociallyorevenpoliticallyessential．
I)Cryinghasalsoservedothersocialpurposes．RousseauwroteinhisConfessionsthatwhileheconsideredtearsthemostpowerfulexpressionoflove,healsojustlikedtocryovernothing．
J)Theassociationoftearswitharthasancientroots．TheclassicGreektragediesofthefifthcentury
B．C．wereprimarilycelebrationsofgods．Tragedies,likepoetryandmusic,werestagedreligionsevents．Eventhenitwasrecognizedthatcryinginresponsetodramabroughtpleasure．
K)Ihavearguedthatthereareneurobiological(神经生物方面的)associationslinkingtheartsandmooddisorders．WhenIlectureoncrying,Iaskmyaudiencetoletmeknow,byashowofhands,whichartformsmostmovethemtotears．About80%saymusic,followedcloselybynovels(74%),butthenthefiguresfallsharply,to43%,forpoetry,and10-22%forpaintings,sculptureandarchitecture．
L)Thephysicalactofcryingismainlyoneofbreathinginair,whichiswhywechokeupwhenweweep．Thissuggeststolanguagescientiststhatemotionalcryingevolvedbeforelanguage,perhapsexplainingwhytearscommunicatestatesofmindandfeelingsthatareoftensodifficulttoexpressinwords．Ofcourse,fromanevolutionaryperspective,recognitionofemotion(usuallythroughfacialgesture)wasessentialforsurvival．
M)Theearliesthumansarrivedsevetalmillionyearsago,butonly150,000to200,000yearsago,didcultures,language,religionandtheartsarise．Alongtheway,tearsbecamemorethanabiologicalnecessitytolubricate(润滑)theeyeanddevelopedintoasignofintenseemotionandasignalofsocialbonding．Thedevelopmentofself-consciousnessandthenotionofindividualidentity,orego;storytellingabouttheoriginsoftheworld,thecreationofhumanityandlifeafterdeath;andthe
abilitytofeelothers'sadness--allwerecriticalpartsoftheneurobiologicalchangesthatmadeushuman
N)Morerecently,we'velearnedfromneurosciencethatcertainbraincircuits(回路)areactivated(激活),rapidlyandunconsciously,whenweseeanotherinemotionaldistress．Inshort,ourbrainevolvedcircuitstoallowustoexperiencesympathy,whichinturnmadecivilization,andanethicsbasedonsympathy,possible．Sothenexttimeyoureachatissuebox,orsobonafriend'sshoulder,orshedtearsatthemovies,stopandreflectonwhywecryandwhatitmeanstocry．Becanseultimately,whilewelovetocry,wealsocrytolove．
Nowadayspeoplerespecttheprivacyofgriefmorethaninthepast．
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