题目内容：
AMessontheLadderofSuccess
A．ThroughoutAmericanhistorytherehasalmostalwaysbeenatleastonecentraleconomicnarrativethatgavetheambitiousorunsatisfiedreasontopackupandseektheirfortuneelsewhere．Forthefrst300orsoyearsofEuropeansettlement,thestorywasaboutmovingoutward:gettingimmigrantstothecontinentandthentothefrontiertocleartheprairies(大草原),drainthewetlandsandbuildnewcities．
B．Bytheendofthe19thcentury,asthefrontiervanished,theU．S．hadamildpanicattack．Whatwouldthisenergetic,enterprisingcountry,bewithoutnewlandstoconquer?．Somepeople,suchasTeddyRoosevelt,decidedtokeeponconquering(Cuba,thePhilippines,etc．),buteventually,inindustrialization,theU．S．foundanewnarrativeofeconomicmobilityathome．Fromthe1890stothe1960s,peoplemovedfromfarmtocity,firstin"theNorthandthenintheSouth．Infact,bythe1950s,therewasenoughprosperityandwhite-collarworkthatmanybegantomovetothesuburbs．．Asthepopulationaged,therewasalsoashiftfromthecoldRustBelttothecomfortsoftheSunBelt．Wethinkofthisasanoldperson'smigration,butitcreatedmanyjobsfortheyounginconstructionandhealthcare,nottomentiontourism,retailandrestaurants．
C．Forthelast20years--fromtheendofthecoldwarthroughtwoburstbubblesinasingledecade--theU．S．hasbeencastingaboutforitsnexteconomicnarrative．Andnowitisexperiencinganotherperiodof．panic,whichisbadnewsformuchoftheworkfor~ebutparticularlyforitsyoungestmemher
D．TheU．S．hasalwaysbeenaremarkablymobilecountry,butnewdatafromtheCen~susBureauindicatethatmobilityhasreacheditslowestlevelinrecordedhistory．Sure,somepeoplearestuckinhomesvaluedatlessthantheirmortgages(抵押贷款),butmanyyoungpeople--whodon'townhomesanddon'tyethavefamilies--arestayingput,too．Thissuggests,amongotherthings,thatpeoplearen'tpackingupforneweconomicopportunitiesthewaytheyusedto．Ratherthandividingthecountryintothe1percentersversus(与．．．．．相对)everyoneelse,thesplitinoureconomyisreallybetweentwoother,classes:themobileandimmobile．
E．Partoftheproblemisthatthecountry'slargestindustriesareindecline．Inthepast,itwasperfectlyclearwhereyoungpeopleshouldgoforwork(Chicagointhe1870s,Detroitinthe1910s,Houstoninthe1970s)and,moreorless,whatthey'dbedoingwhentheygotthere(killingcattle,buildingcars,sellingoil)．Andtheseindustrieswerelargeenougl~toofferjobstoeachclassofworker,fromun-skilledlaborertomanagerorengineer．Today,thefewbrightspotsinoureconomyarerelativelysmall(thoughsomepromisefuturegrowth)anddecentralized．TherearegreatjobsinSiliconValley,inthebiotechresearchcapitalsofBostonandRaleigh-Durhamandinadvancedmanufacturingplantsalongthesouthern1-85corridor．Thesecompaniesrecruitalloverthecountryandtheglobeforworkerswithspecificabilities．(Youdon'tneedtobethenextMarkZuckerberg,founderofFacebook,togetajobinoneofthemicrohubs(微中心),bytheway．ButyouwillalmostcertainlyneedatleastaB．A．incomputerscienceorayearortwoatatechnicalschool．)Thisnewer,selectjobmar-ketisnational,anditoffersmembersofthemobileclasscompetitivesalariesandhigherbargainingpower．
F．Manymembersoftheimmobileclass,ontheotherhand,liveintheAmericaofthegloomyheadlines．Ifyouhavenospecializedskills,there'slittlereasontouproottoanotherstateandbethelastinlineforalow-payingjobatanewautoplantoragreen-energystartup．Thesurpriseinthecensus(普查)data,however,isthattheimmobileworkforceisnotlimitedtounskilledworkers．Infact,manyhaveacollegedegree．
G．Untilnow,aB．A．inanysubjectwasanear-guaranteeofatleastmiddle-classwages．Buttoday,aquarterofcollegegraduatesmakelessthanthetypicalworkerwithoutabachelor'sdegree．DavidAutor,aprominentlaboreconomistatM．I．T．,recentlytoldmethatacollegedegreealoneisnolongeraguarantorofagoodjob．Whilegraduatesfromtopuniversitiesarestilllikelytogetagoodjobnomatterwhattheirmajoris,hesaid,graduatesfromless-famousschoolsaregoingtobejudgedonwhattheyknow．Tocompeteforjobsonanationallevel,theyshouldbearmedwiththeskillsthatemergingindustriesneed,whethertechnicalornot．
H．Thosewithoutsuchspecializedskills--likepoetry,orevenhistory,majors--arealreadycompetingwiththeirneighborsforthesamesortsofsecond-rate,poorer-payinglocaljobslikelow-levelmanagementorbig-boxretailsales．Andwiththelow-skiliedlabormarketatomizedintothousandsofmicroeconomies,immobileworkersarelessabletodemandbetterwagesorconditionsortoacquirevaluableskills．
I．Sowhat,exactly,shouldtheambitiousyoungworkeroftodaybelearning?Unfortunately,it'shardtosay,sincetheU．S．doesn'thaveoneclearnationalproject．Thereareplentyofemerging,smallerin-dustries,butwhichonesarethemostpromising?(Nanotechnology's(纳米技术)momentofremarkablegrowthseemstohavebeen5yearsintothefutureforsomethinglike20yearsnow．)It'snotclearexactlywhatskillsaremostneededoriftheywillevenbevaluableinadecade．
J．Whatisclearisthatallsortsofgovenunentissues--education,health-insuranceportability,workerretraining--arenolongerjustbonusestoalreadyprosperouslivesbutexistentialrequirements．It'sinall．ofourintereststomakesurethatasmanypeopleaspossibleareabletomovetowardopportu-nity,andAmerica'sabilitytoinvestpeopleandmoneyinexcithagnewideasisstillgreaterthanthat
ofmostotherwealthycountries．(Asrecentlyasfiveyears-ago,U．S．migrationwastwicetherateofEuropeanUnionstates．)That,atleast,issomecomfortatatimewhenournationaleconomyseemstobesearchingforitsnextstoryline．
Unlikeinthepast,acollegedegreealonedoesnotguaranteeagoodjobforitsholder．
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