题目内容：
根据以下材料，回答题。Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations,(31)__________to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect edu-cational achievement.
The survey of 643 children and adults, ranking from pre-school to 40-plus, also suggests (32) __________ pen-holding techniques have deteriorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far (33)__________ atten-tion to correct pen grip and handwriting style.
Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher (34) __________ findings have been published, was inspired to in-vestigate this area (35)__________he noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling(36)__________ had a poor pen grip.While Mr.Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link(37)__________ pen-holding style and accuracy in spelling, he (38) __________ find huge differences in technique be-tween the young children and the mature adults, and a definite (39) __________ between near-point gripping andslow, illegible writing.
People who (40) __________their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics (41)__________inhibitlearning, (42)__________ as poor posture, leaning too (43) __________to the desk, using four fingers to grip the pen(44)__________ than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb (which can obscure (45)__________ is being written).
Mr. Thomas believes that the (46)__________ between elder and younger writers is (47)__________too dramaticto be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow (48)__________. He attrib-utes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between (49) __________groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. "The 30-year-old showed a huge diversity of grips, (50)__________the over 40s group all had a uniform 'tripod' grip. "
第(31)__________。
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