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MedicalEducation
In18thcenturycolonialAmerica,thosewhowantedtobecomephysicianseitherlearnedaspersonalstudentsfromestablishedprofessionalsorwentabroadtostudyinthetraditionalschoolsofLondon,ParisandEdinburgh.MedicinewasfirsttaughtformallybyspecialistsattheUniversityofPennsylvania,beginningin1765,andin1767atKing'sCollege(nowColumbiaUniversity),thefirstinstitutioninthecoloniestogivethedegreeofdoctorofmedicine.
FollowingtheAmericanRevolution,theColumbiamedicalfaculty(formerlyofKing'sCollege)wascombinedwiththeCollegeofPhysiciansandSurgeons,charteredin1809,whichsurvivesasadivisionofColumbiaUniversity.
In1893theJohnsHopkinsMedicalSchoolrequiredallapplicantstohaveacollegedegreeandwasthefirsttoafforditsstudentstheopportunitytofurthertheirtraininginanattachedteachinghospital.Thegrowthofmedicalschoolsattachedwithestablishedinstitutionsoflearningwenttogetherwiththedevelopmentofproprietary(私营的)schoolsofmedicinerunforpersonalprofit,mostofwhichhad10Wstandardsandpoorfacilities.In1910AbrahamFlexner,theAmericaneducationreformer,wroteMedicalEducationintheUnitedStatesandCanada,exposingthepoorconditionsofmostproprietaryschools.Subsequently,theAmericanMedicalAssociation(AMA)andtheAssociationofAmericanMedicalColleges(AAMC)laiddownstandardsforcoursecontent,qualificationsofteachers,laboratoryfacilities,connectionwithteachinghospitals,andlicensingofmedicalpractitioners(开业医师)thatsurvivetothisday.
Bythelate1980stheU.S.andCanadahad1,424medicalcollegesrecognizedbytheLiaison(联络)CommitteeonMedicalEducationtooffertheM.D.degree;duringthe1987-1988academicyear,47,262menand25,686womenenteredthesecollegesandanestimated11,752menand5,958womenweregraduated.Graduates,afterayearofinternship(实习期),receivelicensestopracticeiftheypassanexaminationgiveneitherbyastateboardorbytheNationalBoardofMedicalExaminers.
In18thcenturyAmerica,higherinstitutionsoflearningthattaughtmedicine__________. A．didnotexist
B．werefewinnumber
C．werebetterthanthoseinEurope
D．wereknownfortheirteachinghospitals
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