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根据下面资料，回答题 Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized thescientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science.
Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of differentphenomena into a single explicatory framework.
(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme,and seeks a theory of everything - a single generative equation for all we see. It isbecoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given thedimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sortsremains a major goal.
This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciencestoo. (47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans sharecommon origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also betraced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of humancourtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps theworld's languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governedby universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared mightenable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it inevolutionary or cognitive terms.
That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits publishedonline today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland andhis colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previousattempts to find universality in language.
The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, whosuggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity thatdictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold theentire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it soquickly.
(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach touniversality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages,which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family treesthat between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky's grammarshould show patterns of langnage change that are independent of the family tree orthe pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strongco-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of thesepatterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languagesare lineage-specific and not governed by universals.
第（46）题答案
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