题目内容：
A．GregoryCurrie,aprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofNottingham,recentlyarguedintheNewYorkTimesthatweoughtnottoclaimthatliteratureimprovesusaspeople,becausethereisno"convincingevidencethatsuggeststhatpeoplearemorallyorsociallybetterforreadingTolstoy"orothergreatbooks.
B．Actually,thereissuchevidence.RaymondMar,apsychologistatYorkUniversityinCanada,andKeithOatley,aretiredprofessorofcognitive(认知的)psychologyattheUniversityofToronto,reportedinstudiespublishedin2006and2009thatindividualswhooftenreadfictionappeartobebetterabletounderstandotherpeople,empathize(有同感)withthemandviewtheworldfromtheirperspective.Thislinkpersistedevenaftertheresearchersfactoredinthepossibilitythatmoreempatheticindividualsmightchoosetoreadmorenovels.A2010studybyMarfoundasimilarresultinyoungchildren:themorestoriestheyhadreadtothem,thekeenertheir"theoryofmind,"ormentalmodelofotherpeople'sintentions.
C．"Deepreading"--asopposedtotheoftensuperficialreadingwedoontheWeb--isanendangeredpractice,oneweoughttotakestepstopreserveaswewouldahistoricbuildingorasignificantworkofart.Itsdisappearancewouldcausedamagetotheintellectualandemotionaldevelopmentofgenerationsgrowinguponline,aswellastheperpetuationofacriticalpartofourculture:thenovels,poemsandotherkindsofliteraturethatcanbeappreciatedonlybyreaderswhosebrains,quiteliterally,havebeentrainedtounderstandthem.
D．Recentresearchincognitivescience,psychologyandneurosciencehasdemonstratedthatdeepreading--slow,immersive,richinsensor,ydetailandemotionalandmoralcomplexity--isadistinctiveexperience,differentinkindfromthemereunderstandingofwords.Althoughdeepreadingdoesnot,strictlyspeaking,requireaconventionalbook,thebuilt-inlimitsoftheprintedpageareuniquelybeneficialtothedeepreadingexperience.Abook'slackofhyperlinks(超链接),forexample,freesthereaderfrommakingdecisions--ShouldIclickonthislinkornot?--allowinghertoremainfullyfocusonthenarrative.
E．Thatimmersionissupportedbythewaythebrainhandleslanguagerichindetail,implicationandmetaphor(暗喻):bycreatingamentalrepresentationthatdrawsonthesamebrainregionsthatwouldbeactiveifthesceneweredisplayedinreallife.Theemotionalsituationsandmoraldilemmasthatarethestuffofliteraturearealsovigorousexerciseforthebrain,promptingusinsidetheheadsoffictionalcharactersandeven,studiessuggest,increasingourreal-lifecapacityforempathy.
F．Noneofthisislikelytohappenwhenwe'revisitingTMZ(美国名人消息网).Althoughwecalltheactivitybythesamename,thedeepreadingofbooksandtheinformation-drivenreadingwedoontheWebareverydifferent,bothintheexperiencetheyproduceandinthecapacitiestheydevelop.Agrowingbodyofevidencesuggeststhatonlinereadingmaybelessengagingandlesssatisfying,evenforthe"digitalnatives"forwhomitissofamiliar.
G．InMay2013,forexample,Britain'sNationalLiteracyTrustreleasedtheresultsofastudyof34,910youngpeopleaged8to16.Researchersreportedthat39%ofchildrenandteensreaddailyusingelectronicdevices,butonly28%readprintedmaterialseveryday.Thosewhoreadonlyonscreenwerethreetimeslesslikelytosaytheyenjoyreadingverymuchandathirdlesslikelytohaveafavoritebook.Thestudyalsofoundthatyoungpeoplewhoreaddailyonlyonscreenwerenearlytwotimeslesslikelytobeabove-averagereadersthanthosewhoreaddailyinprintorbothinprintandonscreen.
H．Tounderstandwhyweshouldbeconcernedabouthowyoungpeopleread,andnotjustwhetherthey'rereadingatall,ithelpstoknowsomethingaboutthewaytheabilitytoreadevolved."Humanbeingswereneverborntoread,"notesMaryanneWolf,directoroftheCenterforReadingandLanguageResearchatTuftsUniversityandauthorofProustandtheSquid."TheStoryandScienceoftheReadingBrain.Unliketheabilitytounderstandandproducespokenlanguage,whichundernormalcircumstanceswillshowupaccordingtoaprogramdictatedbyourgenes,theabilitytoreadmustbeacquiredbyeachindividualthrougheffort.The"readingcircuits"weconstructarerecruitedfromstructuresinthebrainthatevolvedforotherpurposes--andthesecircuitscanbeweakortheycanbestrong,dependingonhowoftenandhowvigorouslyweusethem.
I．Thedeepreader,protectedfromdistractionsandadaptedtothetinydifferencesoflanguage,entersastatethatpsychologistVictorNell,inastudyofthepsychologyofpleasurereading,likenstoahypnotictrance(催眠性迷睡).Nellfoundthatwhenreadersareenjoyingtheexperiencethemost,thepaceoftheirreadingactuallyslows.Thecombinationoffast,fluentdecodingofwordsandslow,unhurriedprogressonthepagegivesdeepreaderstimetoenrichtheirreadingwithreflection,analysis,andtheirownmemoriesandopinions.Itgivesthemtimetoestablishanintimaterelationshipwiththeauthor,thetwoofthemengagedinanextendedandpassionateconversationlikepeoplefallinginlove.
J．Thisisnotreadingasmanyyoungpeoplearecomingtoknowit.Theirreadingispracticalandinstrumental:thedifferencebetweenwhatliterarycriticFrankKermodecalls"carnal(肉体的)reading"and"spiritualreading."Ifweallowouroffspringtobelievecarnalreadingisallthereis--ifwedon'topenthedoortospiritualreading,throughanearlyinsistenceondisciplineandpractice--wewillhavecheatedthemofanenjoyable,evenextremelyexcitingexperiencetheywouldnototherwisehave.Andwewillhavedeprivedthemofanenlighteningexperiencethatwillenlargethemaspeople.
Observingyoungpeople'sattachmenttodigitaldevices,someprogressiveeducatorsandtolerantparentstalkaboutneedingto"meetkidswheretheyare,"guidingthemaroundtheironscreenhabits.Thisismistaken.Weneed,rather,toshowthemsomeplacethey'veneverbeen,aplaceonlydeepreadingcantakethem.
Moreandmoreevidencesuggeststhatonlinereadingmaybelessattractiveandlesssatisfying.
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