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回答题：Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from (31) ________ praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, ( 32 ) __________research the relation ( 33 ) __________actions and their conse-quences argue thaT rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain (34) __________rewards often destroy creativity ( 35 ) __________ encouraging depend-ence (36) __________approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially (37) __________educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks (38) __________in grade-school children, suggesting (39) __________properly presented in-ducements indeed aid inventiveness, (40) __________to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychol-ogy.
"If kids know they're working for a (41) __________and can focus (42) __________ a relatively challenging task,they show the most creativity", says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy tokill creativity by giving rewards for (43) __________ performance or creating too (44) __________anticipation for re-wards. "A teacher (45) __________ continually draws attention to rewards or who hands (46)high grades for ordinary achievement ends up (47)__________discouraged students, Eisenherger holds. (48) __________an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing(49) __________In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in (50) __________students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Del-aware psychologist claims.
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